Why are airline passengers asked to lift up window shades during takeoff and landing?

"Safety First" as we all know is the mantra for airlines and airliners. The very existence of commercial aviation exists because of people trust in its operational safety. In an industry where rules are written in blood; nothing is left to chance or risks. 

When you take overall flight into consideration, the probability of mishaps are at the time of take-off and landing. Having said that, it is important for airliners to take precaution in all phases of flight. 

Since aircraft is prone to danger while in ground, in the worst case, passengers are to be informed as quickly as possible. What better way to inform them than perceiving it from their own eyes. 

Imagine this scenario, a passenger A in front window seat has his window shades closed while passenger B in back window seat has his window shades open. If a fire breaks out in the engine, passenger B is already aware of the situation and has begun to call for help. But passenger A has no idea what is going on. This lack of information and arising confusion will fill him up with fear causing him to make poor decisions. 

There are plenty of cases where aircraft was saved because passengers identifying some kind of abnormality while the aircraft was taxiing. (Check this out: http://gizmodo.com/passenger-snaps-photo-of-fuel-pouring-out-of-a-dreamlin-1506027806 )

If the window shades are open, passengers really know what is happening and with that clarity of things they can make better decisions. 

It will also help their orientations. Also, at a time of evacuation, rescue personnel can check for any trapped passengers. 

It's better to be in light side than dark. May the force be with you.

Until Next time. 

CK

Why do we use Flaps?

For the past some weeks, I've been playing a mobile game called "Extreme Landings".

It's one of the best aviation mobile game in the market now. I recommend you guys to try it.

Extreme Landings

Anyway, as the name suggests, it is all about landing. Not just any landing but realistically simulated with specific faults. There are times when engines burn out or one of the landing gear won't work or the rudder is jammed - it's fun. 

During these landings, I came to realize how important flaps are. I came to appreciate this marvelous piece of design attribute which makes any flight successful.

Flaps are the piece of wing that extends at the time of landing (and takeoff).

Why does it extend like that? What is the use of it? 

Well at the time of landing and takeoff extra lift is required. Lift as a force depends on the surface area. If you increase surface area, then you increase lift. As you can see from the above pic, the wing just got bigger. That's all. 

Remember this: Lift is directly proportional to speed and surface area. That is, if speed or surface area is increased Lift also increases. If speed or surface area is decreased lift decreases.

If the it gives more lift, then why can't they use it all the way? Why extend it only at the time of landing and take-off?

It's because of speed. Commercial aircraft speed at 35,000 ft is 900 km/hr (560 mph). While the speed at ground level is 240-285 km/h (150-180 mph). Enough lift is not achieved at this speed, so to compensate the low speed, they increase the area so that value of lift remains the same. 

So, if there were no flaps, aircraft would have to land very fast to keep the lift up. Also at takeoff they would have to use the full runway length to achieve the desired lift value by increasing speed. 

Flaps are very important for an aircraft functionality. In fact it is evident with LockheedF-104 Starfighter. It is the first aircraft to achieve sustained Mach 2 flights. Look how small thier wings are. It was designed by the same man who designed SR-71A Blackbird. 

Lockheed F-104 Starfighter

With high speed comes sacrifices. If the area is increased it will increase the lift but at high speeds drag increases tremendously. That's one of the reasons why most of the fighter aircraft have small wings.  Well, with F-104, since extending flaps did very little in increasing the lift; F-104 had to make high speed landings . Many fighters crashed at landing phase due to high speeds. 

Despite that, the performance record of this legendary aircraft still remains one of the best in aviation history. 

After the invention many aircraft didn't have powerful jet engines. They had good old piston engines. So the speeds achieved was low. As speed decreased lift decreased. The only way to increase the lift was to increase surface area. So old timers added extra wing!

Three Wings stacked on top of each other:

Tri-Plane

Then Two wings:

Bi-Planes

They just keep stacking :

Multi Wings Plane

After the invention Jet engines, we compromised on just extending the wings for specific use and called it flaps.


I hope this was informative and entertaining.  Please comment and share. 
Until next time, this is CK signing off.

-CK